Phytothérapie 2019/2 (Vol. 17)

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Description de l'image par IA : Tableau listant des composés identifiés et leurs pourcentages dans un échantillon.

Fig. 1

Description de l'image par IA : Courbe montrant l'activité antiradicalaire en fonction de la concentration pour EHM, α-tocophérol et BHT.

L'image représente un graphique comparant l'activité antiradicalaire de différents composés en fonction de leur concentration. L'axe des x indique la concentration en microgrammes par millilitre (µg/mL), allant de 3 à 1000 µg/mL. L'axe des y montre le pourcentage d'activité antiradicalaire, allant de 0 à 100 %. Trois courbes sont représentées : 1. Une courbe rouge avec des diamants ouverts représentant l'extrait hydrométhanolique (EHM). 2. Une courbe noire avec des triangles représentant l'α-tocophérol. 3. Une courbe noire avec des carrés représentant le BHT. Les courbes montrent que l'activité antiradicalaire augmente avec la concentration pour tous les composés. L'EHM et l'α-tocophérol atteignent rapidement une activité antiradicalaire proche de 100 % à des concentrations plus faibles (environ 25 µg/mL). Le BHT, en revanche, nécessite des concentrations plus élevées pour atteindre une activité antiradicalaire similaire, ne dépassant pas 80 % même à 1000 µg/mL. L'EHM et l'α-tocophérol maintiennent une activité antiradicalaire élevée à des concentrations plus faibles, tandis que le BHT montre une augmentation plus progressive et moins efficace de l'activité antiradicalaire.

Activité antiradicalaire d'extrait hydrométhanolique d’Origanum glandulosum et des antioxydants standard sur le radical libre DPPH

Fig. 2

Description de l'image par IA : Graphique montrant l'absorption à 470 nm du β-carotène en fonction du temps avec divers traitements.

Graphique montrant la cinétique de blanchiment du β-carotène à 470 nm en absence et en présence d'extrait hydrométhanolique d'Origanum glandulosum et des antioxydants standards. L'axe des abscisses représente le temps en minutes (0 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min), tandis que l'axe des ordonnées représente l'absorbance à 470 nm allant de 0 à 0,8. Quatre courbes sont représentées : une courbe en pointillés pour le contrôle, une courbe rouge pour l'extrait hydrométhanolique (EHM), une courbe noire avec des carrés pour l'α-tocophérol, et une courbe noire avec des triangles pour le BHT. La courbe de contrôle montre une diminution rapide de l'absorbance au fil du temps. La courbe de l'EHM montre également une diminution, mais plus lente que le contrôle. Les courbes de l'α-tocophérol et du BHT montrent une diminution plus lente de l'absorbance, indiquant une meilleure efficacité antioxydante par rapport au contrôle et à l'EHM.

Cinétique de blanchiment du β-carotène à 470 nm en absence et en présence d'extrait hydrométhanolique d’Origanum glandulosum et des antioxydants standard

Fig. 3

Description de l'image par IA : Courbe œdème patte souris avec divers traitements.

L'image représente une courbe montrant l'évolution de l'œdème de la patte (en mm) au fil du temps après l'injection de carragénine. Les données sont présentées pour différents groupes de souris traitées avec différents agents une heure avant l'injection de carragénine. Les groupes incluent : - Contrôle (eau physiologique) représenté par des losanges bleus. - Aspirine à 100 mg/kg représentée par des carrés noirs. - Extrait d'Origanum glandulosum à 100 mg/kg représenté par des cercles verts. - Extrait d'Origanum glandulosum à 200 mg/kg représenté par des triangles rouges. L'axe des abscisses (x) indique le temps après l'injection de carragénine, allant de 0 à 4 heures. L'axe des ordonnées (y) montre l'épaisseur de l'œdème en millimètres, allant de 1,5 à 4,5 mm. Les courbes montrent que l'œdème augmente jusqu'à 1 heure après l'injection de carragénine pour tous les groupes, puis diminue progressivement jusqu'à 4 heures. Le groupe contrôle montre une augmentation plus significative de l'œdème par rapport aux autres groupes. Les groupes traités avec l'aspirine et les extraits d'Origanum glandulosum montrent une réduction plus marquée de l'œdème par rapport au groupe contrôle.

Courbe de l'évolution de l'œdème de la patte (mm) en présence d'un prétraitement par voie orale une heure avant l'injection de la carragénine, chez huit lots de souris : lot témoin (eau physiologique) ; lot de référence (aspirine préparée à 100 mg/kg ; lots des extraits d’Origanum glandulosum préparés à 100 et à 200 mg/kg. Chaque point représente une moyenne de six animaux

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Description de l'image par IA : Tableau comparatif des traitements avec doses, différences de poids et pourcentage d'inhibition de l'œdème.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Traitements</th> <th>Dose (mgloreille)</th> <th>Différence du poids (oreilles gauche et droite) [mg]</th> <th>% dinhibition de Pœdème</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Témoin EHM d' Origanum glandulosum Aspirine</td> <td>1,0 2,0 0,5</td> <td>5,33 + 0,30 3,404 0,50 1,44 4 0,30</td> <td>36,21 (b) 72,98 (a) 73,73 (a)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Les lettres différentes indiquent des activités significativement différentes < 0,05)</td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </div>

Fig. 4

Description de l'image par IA : Courbe montrant le pourcentage de mortalité en fonction de la concentration de l'extrait hydrométhanolique d'Origanum glandulosum.

Courbe représentant le pourcentage de mortalité en fonction de la concentration de l'extrait hydrométhanolique d’Origanum glandulosum

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Description de l'image par IA : Table showing the composition of olive oil, detailing percentages of various fatty acids and vitamin E.

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Description de l'image par IA : Table comparing nutritional content of different diets.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td></td> <th>Control (C)</th> <th>Control Olive (CO)</th> <th>Cafeteria (CAF)</th> <th>Cafeteria Olive (CAFO)</th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Energy sources (% energy)</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Protein</th> <td>20</td> <td>20</td> <td>20</td> <td>20</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Carbohydrate</th> <td>60</td> <td>60</td> <td>24</td> <td>24</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Fat</th> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td>50</td> <td>50</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Sunflower oil</th> <td>10</td> <td>5</td> <td>10</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Olive oil</th> <td></td> <td>5</td> <td></td> <td>5</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Vitamin (mgll00g)</th> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>386</td> <td>386</td> <td>523</td> <td>523</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">(% Fatty acids)</th> </tr> <tr> <th>SFA</th> <td>29</td> <td>23</td> <td>42</td> <td>39.5</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cl8:1 n-9</th> <td>21</td> <td>22</td> <td>30</td> <td>33</td> </tr> <tr> <th>C18:2 n-6</th> <td>46</td> <td>38</td> <td>27</td> <td>26.5</td> </tr> <tr> <th>C18:3 n-3</th> <td>3</td> <td>16</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <th>C20:4 n-6</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </div>

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Description de l'image par IA : Table showing weights of control and cafeteria obese rats on days 30 and 90.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td></td> <th>Control rats</th> <td></td> <th>Cafeteria obese rats</th> <td></td> <th>(ANOVA)</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>CAF</th> <th>CAFO</th> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>30 Day</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>weight (g) Liver weight (g) AT weight (g) 90 Body Day</td> <td>0.93 + 0.21c</td> <td>68.16 + 4.626</td> <td>4 0.05</td> <td>70.83 3.60b 5.57 + 0.656 261</td> <td>0.0001 0.0001 0.0001</td> </tr> <tr> <td>weight (g) Liver weight (g) Body</td> <td>190.48 + 2.366</td> <td>196.5 4 13.08b</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>0.0001</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>8.66 + 0.876</td> <td>1.196</td> <td></td> <td>10.65 + 1.446</td> <td>0.0001</td> </tr> <tr> <td>AT weight (g)</td> <td>1.56 + 0.30d</td> <td></td> <td>4.60 4 0.59</td> <td>3.03 + 0.366</td> <td>0.0001</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>AT: adipose tissue; C: control diet; CO: control diet enriched with olive oil at CAF: cafeteria diet; CAFO: cafeteria diet enriched with olive oil at 5%</p> <p>Values are presented as means + standard deviations (SD)</p> <p>Values with different superscript letters (a, b, c, d) are significantly different (ANOVA)</p> </div> </body> </div>

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Description de l'image par IA : Table comparing biochemical values in control and cafeteria obese rats on days 30 and 90.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td></td> <th colspan="2">Control rats</th> <th colspan="2">Cafeteria obese rats</th> <th>P (ANOVA)</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>CAF</th> <th>CAFO</th> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>30 Day</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Triglyceride (mg/dl) Cholesterol (mgldl) Liver-TG (mg/g) Liver-C (mgg) Adipose-TG (mg/g) Adipose-C (mg/g) 90 Cholesterol (mgldl) Liver-TG (mgg) Liver-C (mg/g) Adipose-TG (mglg) Day</th> <td>63.03 + 103.82 + 12.59 + 2.32 25.06 + 89.46 + 1.936 121.42 + 5.92c 25.22 4 17.77 + 1.826 24.40 + 1.59c 1.646 1.396 1.236</td> <td>31.40 + 1.80c 12.21 4 1.31 9.46 + 0.96 60.89 + 2.12d 104.91 + 19.10 4 1.13c 11.28 + 1.21d</td> <td>87.78 + 2.581 150.23 + 2.44a 13.31 4 1.86 44.48 + 2.48a 133.72 4 3.49a 47.81 + 2.06</td> <td>120.39 + 14.106 12.13 4 1.58 27.44 + 4.096 8.85 4 1.31 79.67 + 1.78c 137.63 + 21.21 1.44c 29.59 + 4.826 2.976 18.33b</td> <td>0.0001 0.0001 0.67 0.883 0.0001 0.750 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Triglyceride (mgldl)</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>10.76d</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Adipose-C (mgg)</th> <td>8.12 + 1.46</td> <td>7.44 + 0.81c</td> <td>16.93 4 3.03</td> <td></td> <td>0.0001</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; C: control diet; CO: control diet enriched with olive oil at 5%; CAF: cafeteria diet; CAFO: cafeteria diet enriched with olive oil at 5%</p> <p>Values are presented as means + standard deviations (SD)</p> <p>Values with different superscript letters (a, b, c, d) are significantly different (ANOVA)</p> </div> </body> </div>

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Description de l'image par IA : Table comparing biochemical markers in control and obese rats on different diets.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td></td> <th colspan="2">Control rats</th> <th colspan="2">Cafeteria obese rats</th> <th>(ANOVA)</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>CAF</th> <th>CAFO</th> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>30 Day</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>0.35 + 0.05d</td> <td>1.39 4 0.04</td> <td>0.92 + 0.126</td> <td>0.0001</td> </tr> <tr> <th>MDA (umol/l)</th> <td>1.15 4 0.87c</td> <td>1.15 4 0.07c</td> <td>4.31 1.73a</td> <td></td> <td>0.0001</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Vitamin C (uglml)</th> <td>18.36 + 1.23</td> <td></td> <td>8.64 + 0.57b</td> <td>14.91 4 0.761</td> <td>0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Catalase (U/g Hb)</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>75.29 4 1.14c</td> <td>87.44 + 3.596</td> <td>0.0001</td> </tr> <tr> <th>90 Day</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>CARP (mmolfl)</th> <td>1.42 0.38c</td> <td>1.35 + 0.43d</td> <td></td> <td>2.57 + 0.30b</td> <td>0.0001</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>1.60 + 0.20b</td> <td>1.66 + 0.086</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>0.0001</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>b 21.27 4 3.91</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>29.99 + 1.46a</td> <td>0.0001</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Catalase (U/g Hb)</th> <td></td> <td>188.60 + 42.68a</td> <td>116.34 4 3.23c</td> <td>130.49 + 3.796</td> <td>0.0001</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>CARP: carbonyl proteins; MDA: malondialdehyde; C: control diet; CO: control diet enriched with olive oil at 5%; CAF: cafeteria diet; CAFO: cafeteria diet enriched with olive oil at 5%</p> <p>Values are presented as means + standard deviations (SD)</p> <p>Values with different superscript letters (a, b, c, d) are significantly different (ANOVA)</p> </div> </body> </div>

Fig. 1

\left[ \begin{array} { c } { ( 0 ) \cos \eta _ { \mathrm { c l i m e n o n o n i c o n } } } \\ { \vdots } \\ { \vdots } \\ { \vdots } \\ { \vdots } \\ { \left[ \begin{array} { c } { \frac { \frac { \gamma } { 2 } } { 1 6 } \frac { \gamma } { \gamma _ { \mathrm { c l i m e n i c o n } } } } \\ { \prod _ { \mu = \mu, \mu } ^ { \frac { \gamma } { 2 } } } \\ { \prod _ { \mu = \mu, \mu } ^ { \frac { \gamma } { 3 } } } \\ { \prod _ { \mu = \mu, \mu } ^ { \frac { \gamma } { 2 } } } \\ { \vdots } \\ { \vdots } \\ { \vdots } \\ \end{array} \right] \right] \left[ \begin{array} { c } { \operatorname* { m i m } _ { \mathrm { c l i m e n i c o n } } } \\ { \operatorname* { m i m } _ { \mu, \mu = \mu } } \\ { \mid \operatorname* { m i m } } \\ { \vdots } \\ { \vdots } \\ { \vdots } \\ \end{array} \right] \left[ \begin{array} { c } { \operatorname* { m i m } _ { \mathrm { c l i m e n i c o n } } } \\ { \operatorname* { m i m } _ { \mu, \mu = \mu, \mu } } \\ { \mid \operatorname* { m i m } _ { \mu, \mu = \mu, \mu } } \\ { \mid \operatorname* { m i m } _ { \mu, \mu = \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu, \mu

Liver antioxidant/oxidant markers in the offspring. CO: control diet enriched with olive oil at 5%; CAF: cafeteria diet; CAFO: cafeteria diet enriched with olive oil at 5%

Fig. 2

Description de l'image par IA : Bar graphs showing carbonyl proteins, MDA, and Catalase levels at days 30 and 90 for different diet groups.

The image contains three bar graphs displaying data on antioxidant/oxidant markers in adipose tissue from offspring at two different time points: day 30 and day 90. Each graph compares four groups: C (control diet), CAF (cafeteria diet), CO (control diet enriched with olive oil at 5%), and CAFO (cafeteria diet enriched with olive oil at 5%). 1. **Top Graph (Carbonyl Proteins, µmol/g):** - Y-axis: Carbonyl proteins (µmol/g) ranging from 0 to 2. - X-axis: Two time points, day 30 and day 90. - Bars for each group at both time points show varying levels of carbonyl proteins. - On day 30, the CAF group has the highest levels, followed by CO, CAFO, and C. - On day 90, all groups show similar levels with slight variations. 2. **Middle Graph (MDA, µmol/g):** - Y-axis: MDA (µmol/g) ranging from 0 to 10. - X-axis: Two time points, day 30 and day 90. - Bars for each group at both time points show varying levels of MDA. - On day 30, the CAF group has the highest levels, followed by CO, CAFO, and C. - On day 90, the CAF group again shows the highest levels, followed by CO, CAFO, and C. 3. **Bottom Graph (Catalase, U/g tissue):** - Y-axis: Catalase (U/g tissue) ranging from 0 to 150. - X-axis: Two time points, day 30 and day 90. - Bars for each group at both time points show varying levels of catalase. - On day 30, the CAF group has the highest levels, followed by CO, CAFO, and C. - On day 90, the CAF group again shows the highest levels, followed by CO, CAFO, and C. Each graph includes annotations with different superscript letters (a, b, c, d) indicating statistically significant differences among the groups at each time point. The values are presented as means ± standard deviations (SD).

Adipose tissue antioxidant/oxidant markers in the offspring. CO: control diet enriched with olive oil at 5%; CAF: cafeteria diet; CAFO: cafeteria diet enriched with olive oil at 5%

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Description de l'image par IA : Table showing chemical tests results for various compounds, indicating positive or negative tests for different reactions.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td></td> <th>aq</th> <th>EA</th> <th>EM</th> <th>Acetlaq</th> <th>n-butlaq</th> <th>Acet/EA</th> <th>n-but/EA</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Flavonoids</th> <td>+</td> <td></td> <td>+</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td>+</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Tannins</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Alkaloids</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>-</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Terpenoids</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Saponins</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>+</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Coumarins</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Quinones</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Anthraquinones</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </div>

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Description de l'image par IA : Table with numerical data and standard deviations.

Figure

Description de l'image par IA : Table with chemical concentrations and IC50 values.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td></td> <th colspan="8">Concentration ugml</th> <th>ICso (ugl</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>75</th> <th>250</th> <th>425</th> <th>625</th> <th>750</th> <th>875</th> <th>925</th> <th>1000</th> <th>ml)</th> </tr> <tr> <th>aq</th> <td>13.01 4 0.02</td> <td>0.02</td> <td>67.81 4 0.02</td> <td>91.58 + 0.03</td> <td>92.64 + 0.01</td> <td>93.92 + 0.01</td> <td>94.47 + 0.02</td> <td>91.18 + 0.01</td> <td>294.80</td> </tr> <tr> <th>EA</th> <td>3.05 + 0.01</td> <td>27.65 4 0.02</td> <td>45.37 4 0.01</td> <td>57.60 + 0.02</td> <td>60.64 + 0.02</td> <td>73.11 4</td> <td>75.55 + 0.02</td> <td>95.89 + 0.01</td> <td>362.40</td> </tr> <tr> <th>EM</th> <td>6.81 4 0.03</td> <td>35.78 + 0.03</td> <td>60.63 + 0.03</td> <td>75.21 0.02</td> <td>83.77 0.02</td> <td>91.17 + 0.01</td> <td>91.26 + 0.01</td> <td>90.00 + 0.01</td> <td>503.60</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Acetlaq</th> <td>86.56 + 0.03</td> <td>0.04</td> <td>88.12 4 0.02</td> <td>94.67 + 0.01</td> <td>91.31 + 0.02</td> <td>0.01</td> <td>94.09 + 0.02</td> <td>97.10 + 0.01</td> <td>34.40</td> </tr> <tr> <th>n-butlaq</th> <td>4.51 + 0.01</td> <td>51.35 + 0.01</td> <td>76.90 + 0.01</td> <td>0.01</td> <td>89.71 0.02</td> <td>91.96 + 0.01</td> <td>87.70 + 0.01</td> <td>88.93 + 0.01</td> <td>246.90</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Acet/EA</th> <td>95.83 + 0.01</td> <td>98.09 0.01</td> <td>95.19 + 0.01</td> <td>83.49 + 0.00</td> <td>85.75 4 0.01</td> <td>96.47 + 0.01</td> <td>92.96 + 0.01</td> <td>81.98 + 0.02</td> <td>12.00</td> </tr> <tr> <th>n-but/EA</th> <td>62.81 4 0.02</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>89.34 # 0.02</td> <td>92.99 + 0.01</td> <td>92.87 + 0.01</td> <td>92.01 0.01</td> <td>97.74 + 0.01</td> <td></td> <td>60.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th colspan="8">Standard molecules (ug/ml)</th> <th>ICso (ugl</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>1</th> <th>1.5</th> <th>2</th> <th>2.5</th> <th>3</th> <th colspan="2">35</th> <th>4</th> <th>ml)</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Ascorbic a.</th> <td></td> <td>44.66 + 0.01</td> <td>55.17 4 0.01</td> <td>71.35 + 0.01</td> <td>87.37 + 0.03</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>94.24 + 0.01</td> <td>4.70</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Catechin</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>34.60 + 0.01</td> <td>42.65 + 0.01</td> <td>52.96 + 0.01</td> <td colspan="2">59.00 4 0.02</td> <td>69.70 + 0.01</td> <td>2.69</td> </tr> <tr> <th>BHA</th> <td>8.48 4 0.01</td> <td>22.73 4 0.01</td> <td>34.31 + 0.01</td> <td>46.590 + 0.01</td> <td>55.16 + 0.01</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>63.16 + 0.01</td> <td>1.77</td> </tr> <tr> <th>BHT</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>28.60 + 0.02</td> <td>31.35 + 0.02</td> <td>30.66 + 0.01</td> <td colspan="2">37.27 4 0.01</td> <td>47.34 + 0.02</td> <td>1.28</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Gallic a.</th> <td>36.45 + 001</td> <td></td> <td>79.76 + 0.01</td> <td>92.44 + 0.01</td> <td>0.01</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>91.48 + 0.01</td> <td>2.85</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Tannic a.</th> <td>13.16 + 0.01</td> <td></td> <td>42.91 + 0.01</td> <td>45.80 + 0.02</td> <td>64.83 + 0.02</td> <td colspan="2">74.54 + 0.02</td> <td>0.01</td> <td>2.59</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </div>

Figure

Description de l'image par IA : Table of chemical concentrations and IC50 values.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td></td> <th colspan="4">Concentration (ug/ml)</th> <th rowspan="2">ICso (uglml)</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>100</th> <th>250</th> <td></td> <th>500</th> </tr> <tr> <th>aq</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>60.97 + 0.01</td> <td>231.00</td> </tr> <tr> <th>EA</th> <td>38.75 4 001</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>180.00</td> </tr> <tr> <th>EM</th> <td>61.24 4 001</td> <td>63.19 4 0.01</td> <td></td> <td>67.10 4 0.01</td> <td>78.00</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Acetlaq</th> <td>59.28 + 0.01</td> <td>60.91 + 0.01</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>60.00</td> </tr> <tr> <th>n-butlaq</th> <td>25.08 + 0.01</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>462.00</td> </tr> <tr> <th>AcetEA</th> <td>62.21 4 0.01</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>61.00</td> </tr> <tr> <th>n-butEA</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>85.02 + 0.01</td> <td>48.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td colspan="4">Standard molecules (ug/ml)</td> <td>ICso (uglml)</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>5</th> <th>10</th> <th>25</th> <th>50</th> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Catechin</th> <td></td> <td>56.66 + 0.02</td> <td>75.28 4 0.01</td> <td>76.40 4 0.01</td> <td>07.00</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Gallic a.</th> <td>15.46 + 0.01</td> <td></td> <td>42.01 4 0.03</td> <td>50.61 + 0.03</td> <td>48.00</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Tannic a.</th> <td>63.33 4 0.01</td> <td></td> <td>65.28 + 0.01</td> <td></td> <td>03.60</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td colspan="4">Concentration (ug/mI)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>0.5</th> <th>1</th> <th>2.5</th> <th>5</th> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>BHA</th> <td>47.22 + 0.04</td> <td>56.39 + 0.05</td> <td>74.54 0.01</td> <td>76.81 + 0.01</td> <td>0.60</td> </tr> <tr> <th>BHT</th> <td>24.44 + 0.02</td> <td>46.67 + 0.04</td> <td>51.74 4 0.06</td> <td></td> <td>02.00</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </div>

Figure

Description de l'image par IA : Table showing EC50 values (µg/ml) for various substances and their comparisons. Two columns with data entries for different compounds.

Fig. 1

Description de l'image par IA : Graph showing absorbance at 700nm versus concentration (µg/mL) for various substances.

The image is a graph depicting the ferric reducing antioxidant power of various standard molecules and Z. jujuba fruit extracts. The x-axis represents the concentration in micrograms per milliliter (µg/mL), ranging from 0 to 875 µg/mL. The y-axis represents absorbance at 700 nm, ranging from 0 to 2.5. Multiple lines, each representing different substances, show how absorbance increases with concentration. The substances include: - Ascorbic acid (Ascorbic a.) - BHA - Gallic acid (Gallic a.) - Catechin - BHT - Tanic acid (Tanic a.) - Aq - EA - EM - Acet/Aq - n-but/Aq - Acet/EA - n-But/EA Each line is marked with different symbols and colors for easy identification. The graph shows that absorbance generally increases with concentration for all substances, indicating their antioxidant activity. Some substances reach higher absorbance values at lower concentrations, suggesting stronger antioxidant properties.

Ferric reducing antioxidant power of the standard molecules and Z. jujuba fruit extracts. Each value is expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD)

Figure

Description de l'image par IA : Table showing TAC values in µg gallic acid equivalent per mg extract for various samples.

Fig. 1

Description de l'image par IA : Map showing Morocco, Fez-Meknes region, and detailed Sefrou province with rural and urban communes.

The image consists of three main sections: a map of Morocco, a zoomed-in map of the Fez-Meknes region, and a detailed map of Sefrou province. 1. **Map of Morocco**: - This section shows the entire country of Morocco divided into different colored regions, each representing a different province. - The Fez-Meknes region is highlighted and zoomed in for a more detailed view. 2. **Fez-Meknes Region**: - This section provides a closer look at the Fez-Meknes region, showing several provinces within it. - The provinces are labeled, including Taounate, Taza, Meknes, Fez, El Hajeb, and Boulemane. - Sefrou is specifically highlighted and zoomed in further for detailed examination. 3. **Sefrou Province**: - This section offers a detailed map of Sefrou province. - The map is divided into numbered rural and urban communes. - Urban communes are marked with blue triangles and labeled, including Imouzzer Kandar, Sefrou, Bhalil, and El Menzal. - Rural communes are numbered and listed in a legend at the bottom of the map, including Ain Chergagg, Ain Touaoua, and others. - The map includes directional indicators pointing towards Fez and Taza. - A scale bar at the bottom right indicates a scale of 0 to 15 kilometers. The map provides a comprehensive view of Sefrou's location within Morocco, highlighting its rural and urban communes.

Map showing Sefrou province position. Source of Map of Morocco and Fez-Meknes region: Moroccan Ministry of the Interior Wilaya of the region of Fez-Meknes (2016) Monograph of the region Fez-Menkes

Figure

Description de l'image par IA : A table listing plants with their scientific names, families, used parts, and application modes.

The image is a table that provides information about various plants, their families, the parts used, and the application modes by local populations. The table is organized into four columns: 1. **Plants (scientific name)**: Lists the scientific names of the plants. 2. **Family**: Lists the botanical families to which the plants belong. 3. **Used parts**: Indicates which parts of the plants are utilized (roots, leaves, etc.). 4. **Application mode by local population**: Describes how the plant parts are used, such as crushing the plant into powder and making a mixture with water or oil, or applying it as a cataplasm. The plants listed include: - *Barbiersia sp.* (Family: Berberidaceae), used parts: roots, application mode: crushing the plant into powder and making a mixture with water or oil. - *Cranaeus oxyacantha* (Family: Rosaceae), used parts: leaves, application mode: crushing the plant into powder and making a mixture with water or oil. - *Cistus salvifolius* (Family: Cistaceae), used parts: leaves, application mode: crushing the plant into powder and making a mixture with water or oil. - *Ephedra altissima* (Family: Ephedraceae), used parts: roots, application mode: crushing the plant into powder and making a mixture with water or oil. - *Lavandula dentata* (Family: Lamiaceae), used parts: leaves, application mode: crushing the plant into powder and making a mixture with water or oil. The table is structured to provide clear and concise information about the traditional uses of these plants by local populations.

Figure

$Description de l'image par IA : début fraction A majuscule parenthèse gauche c o n t r o l parenthèse droite moins A majuscule parenthèse gauche t e s t parenthèse droite sur A majuscule parenthèse gauche c o n t r o l parenthèse droite fin fraction multiplié par 1 0 0$

Figure

Description de l'image par IA : Table showing IC50 values of various extracts against Leishmania strains. Includes means and statistical differences.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Extracts</th> <th colspan="3">ICso of target Leishmania strains (pglmL)</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>Leishmania tropica</th> <th>Leishmania infantum</th> <th>Leishmania major</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Cistus salviifolius Crataegus oxyacantha Berberis sp Lavandula dentata Ephedra altissima Control (Glucantime)</td> <td>541.22 4 14.511 546.31 7.739 520.59 4 13.69 540.11 4 12.49a 1000</td> <td>609.8 + 15.19 526.41 + 4.506 490.84 + 3.15c > 1000</td> <td>428.51 + 11.756 394.40 4 3.02c 596.52 + 12.54d 535.22 4 4.39 1000</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Means that do not share the same letter are statistically different at P < 0.05</p> </div> </body> </div>

Figure

Description de l'image par IA : Table listing plants, their total phenolic and flavonoid contents with statistical differences noted.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Plants</th> <th>Total phenolic contents (ug eq GAmg of Extractl</th> <th>Total tlavonoid contents (ug eq Querl mg of Extract?</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Cistus salviifolius Crataegus oxyacantha Berberis sp. Lavandula dentata Ephedra altissima</td> <td>133.83 9.03a 140.67 4 3.17 31.09 + 80.83 + 4.91c 17.92 + 1.806 1.256</td> <td>57.92 4 2.46 12.36 4 0.84e 41.53 18.13 + 1.746 1.05d</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Means that do not share the same letter are statistically different at P < 0.05</p> <p>1 of Extract: of extract</p> <p>2 of Extract Hg equivalent of quercetinmg of extract</p> </div> </body> </div>

Figure

Description de l'image par IA : Table listing chemical groups, reagents, reactions, and results.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Chemical group</th> <th>Reagents/Reaction</th> <th>Results</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Alkaloids Gallic tannins Catechic tannins Flavonoids Saponosids Coumarins Carotenoids Sterols and triterpenes Free anthracenics Combined anthracenics Oses and holosids Mucilage Tetrahydrocannabinols</td> <td>Valse_Mayer reagent Dragendorff reagent Reagent Stiasny HCI Cyanidin with Foam Index (FI) Fluorescence reaction Color reaction Libermann-Burchard reaction Borntrger reaction Color reaction Color reaction Precipitation reaction Color reaction Mg</td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>(~): negative test; (+): slightly present; (++): strongly present</p> </div> </body> </div>

Fig. 1

$Description de l'image par IA : Bar graph showing total phenol contents of four fractions (F0, F1, F2, F3). F1 has the highest content at 26.4 mg GAE/g MS.$

Total phenol contents of the extracts of the various fractions

Fig. 2

$Description de l'image par IA : A bar graph showing flavonoid content percentages for four fractions (F0, F1, F2, F3) with varying heights and colors.$

Flavonoid contents of the extracts of the various fractions

Figure

$Description de l'image par IA : Table showing extraction yields, phenol content, and flavonoid content of various fractions.$

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td></td> <th>Crude extract (Fo)</th> <th>Ethyl acetate fraction (F1)</th> <th>Butanol fraction (F)</th> <th>Aqueous fraction (Fs)</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Extraction yield</th> <td>28.60</td> <td>1.02</td> <td>13.90</td> <td>7.06</td> </tr> <tr> <th>(%)</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Total phenol content (mg EAG/g)</th> <td>2.08 =4 0.01</td> <td>26.40 + 0.04</td> <td>2.67 4 0.03</td> <td>5.35 + 0.01</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Flavonoid content (mg EQ/g)</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>9.57 4 0.14</td> <td>2.20 4 0.03</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>The values are the average of three repetitions + standard deviation</p> </div> </body> </div>

Fig. 3

$Description de l'image par IA : Graph showing DPPH scavenging percentages against concentration for various fractions.$

The image is a line graph depicting the percentage of DPPH scavenging as a function of the concentration of various fractions. The x-axis represents the concentration in mg/ml, ranging from 0 to 2 mg/ml. The y-axis shows the percentage of DPPH scavenging, ranging from 0% to 100%. There are five different lines on the graph, each representing a different fraction: 1. Crude (blue diamond markers) 2. Acetate (red square markers) 3. n-Butanol (green triangle markers) 4. Aqueous (purple cross markers) 5. Ascorbic acid (cyan star markers) Each line shows an upward trend, indicating that as the concentration increases, the percentage of DPPH scavenging also increases. The ascorbic acid line reaches the highest percentage of DPPH scavenging at lower concentrations compared to the other fractions. The crude fraction shows a steady increase, reaching a plateau around 80% at higher concentrations. The acetate and n-butanol fractions follow a similar trend but reach their plateau slightly lower than the crude fraction. The aqueous fraction shows a more gradual increase, reaching a plateau at a lower percentage compared to the other fractions. Error bars are present on each data point, indicating the variability or standard deviation of the measurements. The graph suggests that all fractions have some level of DPPH scavenging activity, with ascorbic acid being the most effective at lower concentrations.

Percentages of inhibition of DPPH● as a function of the concentrations of the fractions

Figure

$Description de l'image par IA : Table showing IC50 values for different fractions and ascorbic acid.$

The image displays a table with data related to the IC50 values of various fractions and compounds. The table is organized into two columns and five rows. The first row lists the names of different fractions and compounds: Crude extract (F0), Ethyl acetate fraction (F1), Butanol fraction (F2), Aqueous fraction (F3), and Ascorbic acid. The second row provides the IC50 values along with their standard deviations for each of these fractions and compounds. The IC50 values are as follows: Crude extract (F0) has an IC50 value of 0.21 ± 0.01, Ethyl acetate fraction (F1) has an IC50 value of 0.32 ± 0.06, Butanol fraction (F2) has an IC50 value of 0.45 ± 0.02, Aqueous fraction (F3) has an IC50 value of 0.550 ± 0.002, and Ascorbic acid has an IC50 value of 0.41 ± 0.01. The table is likely used to compare the effectiveness or potency of these different fractions and compounds based on their IC50 values.

Figure

$Description de l'image par IA : Table showing EC50 values for different fractions and compounds with standard deviations.$

Fig. 4

Description de l'image par IA : Graph showing absorbance at 700 nm versus concentration for various substances.

The image is a line graph depicting the absorbance at 700 nm versus the concentration in mg/ml for various substances. The x-axis represents the concentration in mg/ml, ranging from 0 to 6 mg/ml. The y-axis represents the absorbance at 700 nm, ranging from 0 to 3.5. There are five different lines on the graph, each representing a different substance: 1. Crude (blue line with triangle markers) 2. Acetate (red line with square markers) 3. n-Butanol (green line with diamond markers) 4. Aqueous (purple line with circle markers) 5. Ascorbic acid (light blue line with circle markers) Each line shows how the absorbance at 700 nm changes with increasing concentration. The crude substance shows a steady increase in absorbance, reaching around 3.0 at 6 mg/ml. The acetate substance shows a more gradual increase, reaching around 1.5 at 6 mg/ml. The n-butanol substance shows a moderate increase, reaching around 2.5 at 6 mg/ml. The aqueous substance shows a similar trend to n-butanol, reaching around 2.5 at 6 mg/ml. The ascorbic acid substance shows a rapid increase initially, reaching around 2.0 at 2 mg/ml, and then plateaus. The graph illustrates the reductive power of the extracts of S. rebaudiana and ascorbic acid, showing how absorbance at 700 nm varies with concentration for each substance.

Reductive power of the extracts of S. rebaudiana and of the ascorbic acid

Fig. 1

Description de l'image par IA : Lèvres et langue avec lichen plan buccal, rougeur et plaques blanches.

Lichen plan buccal (Crédit photo : https://www.maison-et-sante.com/le-lichen-plan/lichen-plan/)

Fig. 1

Description de l'image par IA : Buissons de Satureja montana L. avec fleurs blanches et feuilles vertes.

Parties aériennes de Satureja montana L. [4]

Fig. 2

Description de l'image par IA : Fleurs blanches en grappes sur tiges vertes.

Sommités fleuries de Satureja montana L. [5]

Figure

Description de l'image par IA : Tableau avec familles de constituants chimiques et leurs composants principaux.

Fig. 3

Description de l'image par IA : Structures chimiques de Thymol, Carvacrol, Acide chlorogénique et Linarine.

Structures de trois constituants chimiques de Satureja montana L

Fig. 1

Description de l'image par IA : Feuilles vertes et grandes avec petites fleurs blanches en grappes.

Parties aériennes de Sanicula europaea L. [5]

Figure

Description de l'image par IA : Tableau listant des familles de constituants chimiques et leurs principaux constituants.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Famille de constituants chimiques</th> <th>Constituants chimiques principaux</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Saponines triterpéniques acylées</td> <td>Saniculosides A-D; Saniculoside N : 21B- (angeloyloxy)-3-O-[B D- arabinopyranosyl(l~4)-B-D- glucuronopyranosyl propyl pentahydroxy-Al2-oleanène Saniculoside R-1 21 - 0-[2-méthylbutanoyl]-3 bêta; 15 alpha, 16 alpha, 21 22 alpha; 28- hexahydroxyoléane-12-ène 3- O-[alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl (1-3)] bêta- D-glucopyranosyl (1 ~2)- bêta,</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flavonoïdes</td> <td>bêta-glucuronopyranoside Rutine, isoquercitrine; astragaline</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Acides phénols</td> <td>acides rosmarinique (1,7 %) chlorogénique (0,60 caféique %),</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Acides organiques</td> <td>Acides ascorbique; malique; malonique</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Huile essentielle hydrocarbures sesquiterpéniques (59,5-63,8 %) sesquiterpènes oxygénés (24,3 %) Composé azoté Autres</td> <td>B-sélinène (40,4-44,2 de caryophyllène (17,9-19,2 %), a-selinène (3,7-4,0 %), (E)- caryophyllène (2,8 %), humulène époxide (2,1 Allantoïne Sucrose %) oxyde %)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </div>

Fig. 2

Description de l'image par IA : Structure chimique complexe avec plusieurs cycles aromatiques et chaînes latérales hydroxyles.

Structure chimique de saniculoside N

Figure

Description de l'image par IA : Couverture de livre avec des plantes médicinales, des fleurs et des préparations. Titre : "Balade médicinale au fil des saisons".

L'image représente la couverture d'un livre intitulé "Balade médicinale au fil des saisons". Le titre est affiché de manière proéminente en haut de la couverture. Juste en dessous du titre, il y a un sous-titre indiquant "20 plantes sauvages pour se soigner". La couverture est divisée en plusieurs sections visuelles distinctes. En haut à gauche, il y a une image d'un jardin luxuriant avec des fleurs colorées et des plantes vertes. À côté, en haut à droite, il y a une image d'une personne en train de préparer une mixture dans un bol, probablement à partir de plantes médicinales. En bas de la couverture, il y a deux images. À gauche, il y a une image d'un panier rempli de fleurs et de plantes sauvages. À droite, il y a une image de deux bocaux en verre contenant des liquides colorés, probablement des tisanes ou des extraits de plantes. Le nom de l'auteur, Dyane Hamelin, est mentionné en bas à droite de la couverture, avec une mention de l'éditeur "Terre vivante" à côté. L'ensemble de la couverture suggère un thème de médecine naturelle et de plantes médicinales, avec un accent sur l'utilisation de plantes sauvages pour la santé.

Figure

Description de l'image par IA : Couverture de livre verte avec texte "Stupéfiant ! Le chanvre va-t-il sauver le monde ?" et illustration de feuille de cannabis.

L'image représente la couverture d'un livre intitulé "Stupéfiant ! Le chanvre va-t-il sauver le monde ?" écrit par le Docteur Franck Gibert. La couverture est principalement de couleur verte avec un motif texturé. Le titre est affiché de manière proéminente en grandes lettres blanches en haut de la couverture. Juste en dessous du titre, il y a un sous-titre en plus petites lettres blanches qui pose une question sur le potentiel du chanvre. Le nom de l'auteur, "Docteur Franck Gibert", est écrit en lettres blanches plus petites sous le sous-titre. En bas de la couverture, il y a une petite illustration d'une feuille de chanvre stylisée. Le nom de l'éditeur, "Les Éditions de l'Opportun", est écrit en petites lettres blanches en bas à droite de la couverture.

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