HPLC/UV Analysis and In Vitro, Promising Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Anti-Alzheimer, and Anti-Tyrosinase Potentials of the Algerian Pistacia atlantica Desf. Methanolic Extract

Many several diseases and disorders are mostly related to oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Consequently, an effective approach to treat or control such health problems is to use antioxidants and target enzymes involved in chemical reactions that can be related to these diseases.
Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, and some skin disorders are good examples of health concerns, which are strongly related with oxidative stress, and they can be treated by using antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors.
Alzheimer is an age-related disease; it is a neurodegenerative disorder touching the main areas of the brain and is designated by a gradual decline in memory [1]. Acetylcholine (Ach) is a neurotransmitter degraded by acetylcholinesterase (AchE) enzyme, and it is believed that Ach is related with Alzheimer's disease. One of the most important approaches for treating this disease involves increasing the level of Ach in the brain using AchE inhibitors.
Type 2 diabetes affects approximately 2.5% to 7% of the world's population [2]. It is a metabolic disorder characterized by the presence of hyperglycemia due to lack of insulin secretion or insulin action, or both [3]. Rapid elevation of blood glucose levels can be controlled by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzyme, which hydrolyzes α-glucoside linkages of oligosaccharides releasing monosaccharide units contributing to elevation of blood glucose levels [4].
Tyrosinase is an important enzyme in the melanogenesis process [5], which determines the color of skin, hair, and eyes, as well as an internal sunscreen to defend from ultraviolet (UV) damage [6]…