Ethnobotanical insights into the traditional and therapeutic uses of Quercus spp. in Mila (North-East of Algeria)

Quercus spp. (Fagaceae) are widely distributed across temperate and tropical regions, yet their traditional uses remain largely undocumented in North Africa. Understanding local ethnobotanical knowledge is crucial to preserve cultural heritage and explore therapeutic practices. This study aimed to document the traditional uses of local oak species in the Mila region of Algeria and identify the most frequently utilized species. Structured interviews were conducted with 1,000 residents, collecting information on plant parts used, preparation methods, forms of application, and perceived health benefits. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests, were performed to examine associations between demographic characteristics and oak use, while Fidelity Levels (FL) were calculated to identify species most associated with specific ailments. Results showed that nearly half of the participants (48%) relied primarily on traditional medicine, with age and education significantly influencing these preferences. Quercus species were reported to be used to treat 21 different health conditions, with Q. ilex and Q. suber were the most recognized and frequently used species for therapeutic and dietary purposes. Q. ilex showed a 40.26% FL for digestive disorders, while acorns, bark, and leaves were mainly prepared as decoctions or powders and administered orally or externally to address digestive (34%), metabolic (23%), and dermatological (22%) conditions. Most participants sourced oak from forests and preserved it through drying, ensuring year-round availability. Overall, 66% considered oak effective, with minimal side effects, primarily constipation (14%). These findings provide a comprehensive ethnobotanical record of Quercus species in Mila, highlighting their cultural and medicinal significance and offering a solid foundation for future phytochemical and pharmacological investigations.